基本介绍
TCP是面向连接的,面向流的,提供高可靠性服务。收发两端(客户端和服务器端)都要有一一成对的socket,因此,发送端为了将多个发给接收端的包,更有效的发给对方,使用了优化方法(Nagle算法),将多次间隔较小且数据量小的数据,合并成一个大的数据块,然后进行封包。这样做虽然提高了效率,但是接收端就难于分辨出完整的数据包了,因为面向流的通信是无消息保护边界的
由于TCP无消息保护边界, 需要在接收端处理消息边界问题,也就是我们所说的粘包、拆包问题, 看一张图:
假设客户端分别发送了两个数据包D1和D2给服务端,由于服务端一次读取到字节数是不确定的,故可能存在以下四种情况:
- 服务端分两次读取到了两个独立的数据包,分别是D1和D2,没有粘包和拆包
- 服务端一次接受到了两个数据包,D1和D2粘合在一起,称之为TCP粘包
- 服务端分两次读取到了数据包,第一次读取到了完整的D1包和D2包的部分内容,第二次读取到了D2包的剩余内容,这称之为TCP拆包。
- 服务端分两次读取到了数据包,第一次读取到了D1包的部分内容D1_1,第二次读取到了D1包的剩余部分内容D1_2和完整的D2包。TCP拆包
现象案例
通过代码展示TCP粘包拆包现象。
客户端
public class MyClient {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
bootstrap.group(group)
.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
.handler(new MyClientInitializer());//自定义初始化类
ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 7000).sync();
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
public class MyClientInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
pipeline.addLast(new MyClientHandler());
}
}
public class MyClientHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<ByteBuf> {
private int count;
@Override
protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf msg) throws Exception {
byte[] buffer = new byte[msg.readableBytes()];
msg.readBytes(buffer);
//将buffer转成字符串
String message = new String(buffer, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
System.out.println("客户端接受到数据" + message);
System.out.println("客户端接受到消息数量=" + (++this.count));
}
@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
//客户端发送10条数据hello,server编号
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
ByteBuf buffer = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(" hello,server " + i, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
}
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
cause.printStackTrace();
ctx.close();
}
}
服务器
public class MyServer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
NioEventLoopGroup boosGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
NioEventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(8);
try {
ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
bootstrap.group(boosGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.childHandler(new MyServerInitializer());
ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.bind(7000).sync();
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
boosGroup.shutdownGracefully();
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
public class MyServerInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
pipeline.addLast(new MyServerHandler());
}
}
public class MyServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<ByteBuf> {
private int count;
@Override
protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf msg) throws Exception {
byte[] buffer = new byte[msg.readableBytes()];
msg.readBytes(buffer);
//将buffer转成字符串
String message = new String(buffer, Charset.forName("utf-8"));
System.out.println("服务器接受到数据" + message);
System.out.println("服务器接受到消息数量=" + (++this.count));
//服务器回送随机数据给客户端
ByteBuf responseByteBuf = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(UUID.randomUUID().toString()+" ", Charset.forName("utf-8"));
ctx.writeAndFlush(responseByteBuf);
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
cause.printStackTrace();
ctx.close();
}
}
测试
启动一个服务器,和多个客户端。
这里这个案例并没有出现拆包现象。出现的话应该会出现乱码。不过应该可以理解粘包和拆包现象了。
解决方案
-
使用自定义协议 + 编解码器 来解决
-
关键就是要解决 服务器端每次读取数据长度的问题, 这个问题解决,就不会出现服务器多读或少读数据的问题,从而避免的TCP 粘包、拆包 。
看一个具体的实例
- 要求客户端发送 5 个 Message 对象, 客户端每次发送一个 Message 对象
- 服务器端每次接收一个Message, 分5次进行解码, 每读取到 一个Message , 会回复一个Message 对象 给客户端。
协议包
//协议包
public class MessageProtocol {
private int len;//关键
private byte[] content;
public int getLen() {
return len;
}
public void setLen(int len) {
this.len = len;
}
public byte[] getContent() {
return content;
}
public void setContent(byte[] content) {
this.content = content;
}
public MessageProtocol(int len, byte[] content) {
this.len = len;
this.content = content;
}
public MessageProtocol() {
}
}
客户端
public class MyClient {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
bootstrap.group(group)
.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
.handler(new MyClientInitializer());//自定义初始化类
ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 7000).sync();
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
public class MyClientInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
//编码
pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageEncoder());
//解码
pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageDecoder());
pipeline.addLast(new MyClientHandler());
}
}
public class MyClientHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<MessageProtocol> {
private int count;
@Override
protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageProtocol msg) throws Exception {
int len = msg.getLen();
byte[] content = msg.getContent();
System.out.println("客户端接收到消息如下");
System.out.println("长度=" + len);
System.out.println("内容=" + new String(content, Charset.forName("utf-8")));
System.out.println("客户端接收消息数量=" + (++this.count));
}
@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
//客户端发送10条数据 今天天气冷,吃火锅 编号
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
String msg = "今天天气冷,吃火锅";
byte[] content = msg.getBytes(Charset.forName("utf-8"));
int length = content.length;
//创建协议包对象
MessageProtocol messageProtocol = new MessageProtocol();
messageProtocol.setLen(length);
messageProtocol.setContent(content);
ctx.writeAndFlush(messageProtocol);
}
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
System.out.println("异常信息:" + cause.getMessage());
ctx.close();
}
}
编码器
public class MyMessageEncoder extends MessageToByteEncoder<MessageProtocol> {
@Override
protected void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageProtocol msg, ByteBuf out) throws Exception {
System.out.println("MyMessageEncoder encode 方法被调用");
out.writeInt(msg.getLen());
out.writeBytes(msg.getContent());
}
}
解码器
public class MyMessageDecoder extends ReplayingDecoder<Void> {
@Override
protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
System.out.println("MyMessageDecoder decode 被调用");
//需要将得到的二进制字节码--->MessageProtocol数据包(对象)
int length = in.readInt();
byte[] content = new byte[length];
in.readBytes(content);
//封装成MessageProtocol对象,放入out,传递下一个handler业务处理
MessageProtocol messageProtocol = new MessageProtocol();
messageProtocol.setLen(length);
messageProtocol.setContent(content);
out.add(messageProtocol);
}
}
服务器
public class MyServer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
NioEventLoopGroup boosGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
NioEventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(8);
try {
ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
bootstrap.group(boosGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.childHandler(new MyServerInitializer());
ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.bind(7000).sync();
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
boosGroup.shutdownGracefully();
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
public class MyServerInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
//解码
pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageDecoder());
//编码
pipeline.addLast(new MyMessageEncoder());
pipeline.addLast(new MyServerHandler());
}
}
public class MyServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<MessageProtocol> {
private int count;
@Override
protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageProtocol msg) throws Exception {
//接收到数据,并处理
int len = msg.getLen();
byte[] content = msg.getContent();
System.out.println("服务器接收到消息如下");
System.out.println("长度=" + len);
System.out.println("内容=" + new String(content, Charset.forName("utf-8")));
System.out.println("服务器接收到消息包数量=" + (++this.count));
//回复消息
String responseContent = UUID.randomUUID().toString();//字符串信息
int length = responseContent.getBytes("utf-8").length;//字节数组长度
byte[] responseContentBytes = responseContent.getBytes("utf-8");//字节数组信息
//构建一个协议包
MessageProtocol messageProtocol = new MessageProtocol();
messageProtocol.setLen(length);
messageProtocol.setContent(responseContentBytes);
ctx.writeAndFlush(messageProtocol);
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
cause.printStackTrace();
ctx.close();
}
}
测试
启动服务器,和客户端。
成功解决~~
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